A bibliometric analysis of the 100 top-cited articles on global malnutrition indexed in Web of Science

Introduction

Malnutrition is a condition that arises from a cellular imbalance between the energy, nutrients supply, and the body’s demand (1). It includes various forms of deficiency, excess or imbalance in energy and nutrients, and the most common types are undernutrition, evidenced in stunting and wasting, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin A, iron, or iodine deficiencies. It is a severe public health challenge that threatens humans of all ages and creates vulnerabilities for other health, social and mental issues. For instance, undernutrition is a significant contributor to under-five mortality (2). The World Health Organization (WHO) referred to malnutrition as a “double burden” due to the coexistence of other health conditions and its simultaneous manifestation in different forms (3,4).

In specifics, malnutrition occurs as maternal and child undernutrition (5), imbalance malnutrition evidence in obesity and metabolism syndromes (6,7). In other dimensions, illness may also induce malnutrition, especially among kidney patients (8), among different prevalence that subsequently causes adverse health outcomes. Literature has expanded on protein-calorie malnutrition in chronic renal failure caused by illness-induced anorexia (IIA), an adaptive, protective response for injury elimination (9). Concurrently, nutrition and the immune system are vital components that mediate each other so much that when there is malnutrition, the immune response in the human body is grossly affected (10). Malnutrition also prevails as a comorbidity in persons with liver diseases (11) and a risk factor for small cerebral vessel disease and cognitive decline in peritoneal dialysis patients (12).

A global estimation of malnutrition prevalence in 2019 estimated that more than 820 million people were undernourished globally, and 4 million deaths were attributed to obesity (13). Although overnutrition is relatively a recent rising occurrence, undernutrition, on the other hand, has been a concern for a longer time hence its presence on the agenda of the main goals set to be achieved by 2030 by the United Nations. Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) is dedicated to attaining Zero Hunger and aims to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture (14). Over the past years, a growing literature has focused on understanding the causes (15,16), consequences (16,17), and possible solutions for malnutrition (18).

More recently, the universal burden of malnutrition has aggravated economic and social global inequalities, thereby bringing the intervention achievement to unacceptably slow progress. According to the global nutrition report, the slow progress of reducing some of the commonalities of malnutrition subsequently means about 88% of global country representation struggle with at least one form of malnutrition, and 29% have severe triple forms of malnutrition (19). The disproportionality in the prevalence of malnutrition globally calls for a thorough appraisal of research progress to address the persisting problem’s influential factors. Therefore, this study unraveled the geographical concentration of research contribution on malnutrition (6).

This exposition is one approach that may foster the understanding of malnutrition intervention and possibly inform future policy frameworks. Bibliometrics analytical technique applies the quantitative investigation of indicators such as publication count, citations, impact factor, and co-citations to understand the different aspects of research output (18,19). The bibliometric analytical technique has consistently supported researchers in numerous research fields, including clinicians, governments, and general practitioners, in facilitating the monitoring of improvements and developing public health policies (20). Nevertheless, a search in the Web of Sciences databases revealed a dearth of scientific evidence on the bibliometric analysis on malnutrition that can support the global mediation of the disease. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the 100 top-cited scientific researches on global malnutrition by presenting, baseline line date of top articles, hot topics in the top-cited articles, authorship and their affiliation, and the corresponding authors’ country of origin. In scope, the study objective is to access the top 100 articles on malnutrition to accentuate top research trends on malnutrition, centering on the total of publications spanning over a century, researchers, countries, institutions, and collaborations. The other objective is to analyze the most productive country and institution, research categories, frequency analysis, top 100 authors keywords, and factors affecting the number of citations of top 100 malnutrition research.

Methods

Search strategy

To identify the top 100 cited documents malnutrition-related literature, we performed our search through the Web of Sciences (WoS) database (https://apps.webofknowledge.com/) database (updated on 20 February 19, 2021) by two researchers to avoid the database’s daily update. First, a comprehensive search was conducted to identify the main heading terms and relevant entry term(s) indexed Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), which is available on (https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/search). Then, a Boolean search was conducted using the terms in the title (“malnutrition*” OR “Undernutrition” OR “Nutrition Deficiency” OR “Nutrition disorders” OR “malnourishment”) with the largest time timespan allowed through the WoS (“all years [1900-2020]”) with aiming to cover all the potential articles (20). Documents Indexes: (“Science Citation Index Expanded”) and (“Social Sciences Citation Index”). Regardless of document type and language: only English published documents were included. We limited our results to full research articles and reviews sorted by the number of citations. Other document types were excluded from the analysis. As a result of a comprehensive search, a total of 10,100 documents related to malnutrition were the subject of further analysis (20). For further analysis, a list of top 100 articles was created by sorting all the retrieved items according to the citations score.

In addition to identifying the top 100 most-cited document on malnutrition-related literature based on the citation, two independent reviewers (TH Musa and TY Akintunde) evaluated the yielded title to compile a list of the top 100 most-cited articles of malnutrition and ensure that only relevant auricles were included. Finally, the top 100 selected articles were downloaded in plain text format and tab-delimited (win) format for further analysis. There is no ethical approval required, and bibliometric analysis and the data were downloaded from the public databases.

Bibliometric indicators and mapping

While assessing the articles and journals, the following information was extracted from the 100 articles: (I) title of publications; (II) year of publication; (III) number of total citations received from each publication; (IV) authorship details; (V) document type; (VI) institution; (VII) journals title; (VIII) document type; (XI) country of an article based on single country publications (SCP) and multiple country publications (MCP); (X) journal impact factors was obtained from Journal Citation Reports (JCR) © Ranking: 2019; (XI) furthermore, authors or journal h-index and g-index level metric was calculated to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a scientist or scholar (21-27). In addition to the keyword analysis which includes the frequency distribution of the authors “keywords” [Keywords (DE)], and the frequency distribution of keywords associated to the document by Clarivate Analytics Web of Science [Keywords Plus (ID)] (23). On the other hand, the scientific collaboration on the social process by which two or more researchers on malnutrition are working together as collaborators sharing their intellectual and material resources to produce new scientific knowledge in research related to global malnutrition (28).

Statistical analysis

Network analysis collaboration networks amongst authors, countries, and keywords were created using VOSviewer software (29). Bibliometrix (an R package) (23), GraphPad Prism 5 (30) were used for frequency analysis and data visualization. Given the distribution of variables and the presence of outliers, we preferred to use the median, range, and interquartile range (IQR) to describe some variables since these measures are less affected by extreme values (22,31). Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) to examine the association between citation times and the study variables. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Characteristics of metadata

The basic information on the metadata is presented in Table 1. The analysis shows that 57 journals have contributed, and 548 authors participated. The mean number of citations in the top 100 articles was 466, median 342.5; range from 235 to 2,890, and the IQR was 195.5. The average number of citations in a single year per document was 27.55. The top 100 cited articles include 78 research articles and 22 review papers. The descriptive analysis of the top 100 articles is shown in Table S1.

Annual trend and total citations

While using the algorithm search strategy, the search in the WoS database for 1900 to 2020 produced 10,100 articles on malnutrition. The top 100 most-cited articles were identified from this collection and found to have been published between 1940 and 2019. Their various characteristics were analyzed based on the total number of articles per year and total citation score in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Annual trend of the number of publication on malnutrition top 100 articles and total number of citations by year.

Authorship and affiliations analysis

The most contributing authors with h-index ≥3 were identified. Table S2 shows the top 17 authors ranked by h-index and author ranking (1st author, 2nd author, and 3rd author). The most contributing author was Robert E. Black from Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA, with the highest publication count and the highest h-Index of 5, and total citations reported [7,700]. The second top author is Mercedes de Onis from the Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, with h-index of 5, and total citation reported [6,761], among the reported list.

Most productive countries

Table 2 shows the top-cited articles in terms of country collaborations. The 100 most-cited malnutrition articles originated from 18 countries, of which nine countries originated from more than two articles. The USA was the most productive with 33 articles contributions, followed by the UK with seven articles. Based on the total number of times each manuscript has been cited, the USA, Brazil, and Switzerland were the leading contributing countries on malnutrition publications.

Most productive journals

The analysis of the publishing journals with more than three articles represented in the top 100 shown in Table 3 reveals that Lancet is the top leading journal with h-index (12), followed by Clinical Nutrition with h-index of 8, and the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition with h-index of 5. Also, journals that published more than three articles belong to the first quartile range (Q1).

Most productive institutions and research categories

In Table 4, the WHO was the leading organization in malnutrition research, followed by Johns Hopkins University and the University of Sao Paulo. According to the categories of the top 100 most-cited articles on malnutrition, almost half of articles were published in general and internal medicine (n=24) and nutrition & dietetics (n=24). Other common categories include pediatrics (n=8), public, environmental & occupational health (n=7), urology & nephrology (n=6) among others.

Network analysis for co-authorship and countries

The network analysis between co-authorship and countries visualize and show the network’s analysis based on the Total Link Strength (TLS) was conducted using VOSviewer software. Among the reported countries, a minimum of two instances of the country was required to meet the search criteria, and 25 countries only met the thresholds”. In cluster 3, the USA (TLS =75), followed by Switzerland (TLS =27), France (TLS =17), Pakistan (TLS =11), and Spain (TLS =3). In cluster1, Netherlands (TLS =42), Germany (TLS =36), Sweden (TLS =29), and Thailand (TLS =16), and in cluster 3, India (TLS =24), and Colombia (TLS =3) as presented in Figure 2A. For co-authorship analysis, with a minimum of two instances of authorship required to meet the search criteria, and 40 authors only met the thresholds”. For each of the 40 authors, the co-authorship links’ total strength was calculated, and authors with the greatest total link strength were selected and presented in two clusters. The first cluster includes: Anders Alvestrand, Jonas Bergstrom, Jose C. Divino-Filho, Alberto Gutierrez with each (TLS =11), and the second cluster includes: Bengt Lindholm (TLS =14), A. Rashid Qureshi (TLS =14), Olof Heimburger (TLS =10), and Peter Stenvinkel (TLS =4) as shown in Figure 2B.

Figure 2 Co-authorship analysis of authors (A), and countries (B) based on the total length strength (TLS).

WordCloud of keywords analysis

The analysis of the top 100 keywords was visualized by using WordCloud analysis, as shown in Figure 3. For example, the most distribution of keywords associated with the document of malnutrition by Clarivate Analytics Web of Science [Keywords plus (ID)] is as follow: nutritional-status (n=12), risk (n=11), mortality (n=7), developing-countries (n=5), blood pressure (n=4), cardiovascular disease (n=4), disease (n=4), and growth (n=4).

Figure 3 Frequency analysis of the Keywords Plus (ID).

Factors affecting the number of citations

The correlation analysis of possible factors influencing citations in malnutrition research articles is presented in Table 5. The significant correlations were found between the number of citations and journal h-index (r=0.7573, P<0.0001), year science publications (r=0.7881, P<0.0001), number of countries (r=0.8982, P<0.0001), and number of authors (r=0.4601, P<0.0001), and institution (r=0.5948, P<0.0001).

Discussion

The bibliometric analysis of the top 100 most-cited articles in malnutrition research adopted the methodology to examine malnutrition research trends and identify the topmost contributors to malnutrition-related research. The goal is to provide researchers with an overview and snapshot of the critical areas, the growth, the directions, and the development of malnutrition research output. The top 100 most-cited articles were published between 1940 and 2019. The analysis revealed that citations began to increase for malnutrition research in early 2000. In the last two decades, article production’s growth was accelerated, suggesting more significant attention to malnutrition-related domains and subsequently increases publications among researchers. With an increasing research output, a substantial peak citation period in 2008 corresponding with the period inaugural publication of Lancet Maternal and Child Undernutrition series was published. Subsequently, the three top most-cited articles found in the bibliometric analysis were from the Lancet Maternal and Child Undernutrition, when malnutrition was considered a critical health condition that necessitates urgent global attention and intervention. The introduction of the series came due to the child mortality prevalence estimation of 1 in 3 children global death recorded (32). The success of the inaugural issue on maternal and child malnutrition is further evident in the total number of citations reported in the bibliometric analysis, which facilitated rapid information sharing and guidance for ensuing researches that followed.

The evolution of malnutrition research publication presents an insight into global research focus over the last century. For instance, attention was given to surgical patients in the early stages of malnutrition research pieces of evidence in the drug metabolism keywords between 1940 and 1995 and remain consistent until 2005 along with tumor-necrosis factors. Similarly, anthropometric indicators of malnutrition also came to focus in these periods and, more importantly, the shift of attention to the developing countries. Hence the health implication of malnutrition in developing countries gained prominence. In these periods of 2006 to 2019, there were clinical studies on mice, young and children research, risk factors, and index studies. Also, chronic renal failure problem was in the empirical discourse, and attention was increased from 1996 to 2019 on kidney patients’ nutritional status and the impact of malnutrition.

The evidence from the keyword analysis conforms with existing literature on the prevalence of malnutrition in developing countries as evidence in “developing countries” numerous occurrences. This evidence further accentuates the corroboration that most malnutrition episodes originate from developing countries (19,33). However, “Nutritional-Status” appears to be the most general keyword in the top 100 most-cited publications on malnutrition research closely followed by risk. Equally gained prominence among authors is the consequence of malnutrition as seen in the occurrence of “mortality”. There is substantial evidence of increased mortality attributed to malnutrition in developing countries. Thus, mortality due to malnutrition calls for global intervention and extensive research to support the most vulnerable global region. Among others, the most frequently explored by top-cited articles were “cardiovascular disease”, “obesity”, “blood pressure”, “supplementation”, “quality of life”, and “subjective global assessment”.

The factors influencing the number of citations are, however, dynamic. For instance, the bibliometric analysis revealed that the journal impact factor was not significantly associated with the number of citations garnered by an article in the top 100 publications on malnutrition. However, MCP have been documented to influence citations (20,21) positively. Also, some authors established that papers with several high citations are usually the work from authors originating from diverse countries and institutions (34). The analysis revealed that of all the factors which were considered in this study, including the journal h-index, years since publication, number of countries involved in the articles, number of authors and institution, was observed to have a positive association with the rate at which other researchers will interact and likely cite a publication. Although the journal names the current bibliometric analysis identified as most productive on the research on malnutrition-related issues, Lancet, Clinical Nutrition, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, they are predominantly ranked as first quartile (Q1) journals. The number of contributing authors to a publication is correlated with a higher probability of citation. This assertion has been consolidated in other studies (35,36).

On the global platform, the USA has consistently been a pacesetter in innovations. Thus, they represent the country with the most citation on malnutrition research. These trends are the UK, Sweden, Germany, and Australia, ranking high in citations’ volume amassed on malnutrition articles. This assertion is consistent with other studies on other research focus such as diets and breast cancer (37) obesity (38), and death due to malnutrition (39). Also, the USA had a high record of international collaboration on malnutrition research.

Similarly, when considering the countries with higher malnutrition publications and their gross domestic product (GDP), the USA, UK, Sweden, and Germany were among the major contributing countries. With the current distribution of malnutrition across the world, the non-representation of Africa and some regions in Asia in the 100 most prominent articles on malnutrition raise several policies and research questions as recent evidence has identified these regions as the most vulnerable to malnutrition (20,26). The low research representation of Africa and other developing countries exposes the policy gap that needs to be addressed. While trying to address this disadvantage encountered by the developing countries, there is a need for global support to provide robust health systems, funding, and high-quality journal platform for developing countries’ researchers to thrive (20,40). This study confirms the need for developing countries to upscale their research, funding, and policy frameworks to accelerate the effort to address malnutrition problems plaguing the region.

Numerous studies have explored global malnutrition, and there is evidence of the adverse effect of special groups such as the aging population, children, kidney patients, and hospital patients. For instance, the previous bibliometric that explored the global found that the top themed malnutrition publication was child malnutrition, and there is an interconnection between maternal care and child malnutrition and those with chronic kidney diseases and the aging population (5,20,41). Relative to other studies, keywords such as nutritional status, mortality, developing countries, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and growth were the most recurring terms in the current bibliometrics on top 100 cited articles on malnutrition. The evidence in this study shows that malnutrition has no limitation in its occurrence as it can affect children (42) as stunting and malnourishment intensifying morbidity.

Similarly, with blood in the author’s keyword analysis, it further advances that there is interconnection between malnutrition and blood pressure, especially in older adults (43). Other similarly bibliometrics have found that malnutrition research is the most prominent occurring theme in researches focusing on anemia in children (44), cardiovascular diseases (45), and the peculiarity of child malnutrition gain substantial attention in academia and social media (46). Thus the evidence and the magnitude of malnutrition globally calls for comprehensive policy and research intervention that will support the eradication globally. These interventions may include intensifying efforts to increase global food supply and supplement intake among those vulnerable. Research funding and action must be strengthened to highlight risk factors and the geographical dimension of malnutrition occurrence.

Although this study presented a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the top 100 most-cited publications on global malnutrition research, it is not without a limitation. First, the analysis only adapted publications on the Web of Science databases to assess the trend of malnutrition articles, databases such as, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other biomedical databases were not accessed. Secondly, only articles published in English were included in the analysis; hence, the study is subject to bias. Lastly, despite these limitations, the articles provide an extensive bibliometric analysis that offers a comprehensive overview of research on malnutrition issues.

There has been growth in the number of publications and noticeable collaborations between countries publishing research on malnutrition. Besides, the publications came mainly from the USA, UK, Germany, Australia, and Brazil countries. WHO is the top funding agency for research on malnutrition.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of the Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur College, Nyala, Sudan. The authors appreciate the research innovation of The Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD) for enhancing research collaboration and innovation in Africa and the Southeast University library for providing resources and metadata used for this research.

Funding: None.

Footnote

Peer Review File: Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jphe-21-38

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jphe-21-38). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

References

1. World Health Organization. Nutrition for Health and Development: A global agenda for combating malnutrition. 2000. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66509
2. Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet 2008;371:340-57. [Crossref] [PubMed]
3. World Health Organization (WHO). Double burden of malnutrition. Available online: https://apps.who.int/nutrition/double-burden-malnutrition/infographic_print.pdf?ua=1
4. Popkin BM, Corvalan C, Grummer-Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. Lancet 2020;395:65-74. [Crossref] [PubMed]
5. Ahmed T, Hossain M, Sanin KI. Global burden of maternal and child undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab 2012;61:8-17. [Crossref] [PubMed]
6. Perez-Escamilla R, Bermudez O, Buccini GS, et al. Nutrition disparities and the global burden of malnutrition. BMJ 2018;361:k2252. [Crossref] [PubMed]
7. Walson JL, Berkley JA. The impact of malnutrition on childhood infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018;31:231-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
8. Bekić S, Babič F, Filipčić I, et al. Clustering of Mental and Physical Comorbidity and the Risk of Frailty in Patients Aged 60 Years or More in Primary Care. Med Sci Monit 2019;25:6820-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
9. van Niekerk G, Isaacs AW, Nell T, et al. Sickness-Associated Anorexia: Mother Nature's Idea of Immunonutrition? Mediators Inflamm 2016;2016:8071539 [Crossref] [PubMed]
10. Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Frias-Toral E, et al. Nutrition and immune system: from the Mediterranean diet to dietary supplementary through the microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021;61:3066-90. [Crossref] [PubMed]
11. Buchard B, Boirie Y, Cassagnes L, et al. Assessment of Malnutrition, Sarcopenia and Frailty in Patients with Cirrhosis: Which Tools Should We Use in Clinical Practice? Nutrients 2020;12:186. [Crossref] [PubMed]
12. Zheng K, Wang H, Hou B, et al. Malnutrition-inflammation is a risk factor for cerebral small vessel diseases and cognitive decline in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional observational study. BMC Nephrol 2017;18:366. [Crossref] [PubMed]
13. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. The state of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019. Rome; 2019. Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/ca5162en/ca5162en.pdf
14. United Nations. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. United Nations, 2015. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
15. Saunders J, Smith T. Malnutrition: causes and consequences. Clin Med (Lond) 2010;10:624-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
16. Alberda C, Graf A, McCargar L. Malnutrition: etiology, consequences, and assessment of a patient at risk. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006;20:419-39. [Crossref] [PubMed]
17. Elia M. The economics of malnutrition. In: Elia M, Bistrian B. editors. The Economic, Medical/Scientific and Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Nutrition Practice: What Impacts What? Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser Clin Perform Program. vol. 12. Nestec Ltd. Vevey/S. Karger AG Basel, 2007:29-40.
18. Bergeron G, Castleman T. Program responses to acute and chronic malnutrition: divergences and convergences. Adv Nutr 2012;3:242-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
19. Report GN. The burden of malnutrition. Global Nutrition Report. 2020. Available online: https://globalnutritionreport.org/reports/global-nutrition-report-2018/burden-malnutrition/
20. Musa TH, Akintunde TY, Musa HH, et al. Malnutrition research output: A bibliometric analysis for articles index in web of science between 1900 and 2020. Electron J Gen Med 2021;18:em293 [Crossref]
21. Hirsch JE. An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:16569-72. [Crossref] [PubMed]
22. Musa TH, Li W, Kawuki J, et al. The 100 top-cited articles on scrub typhus: a bibliometric analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021;12:126-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
23. Aria M, Cuccurullo C. bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J Informetr 2017;11:959-75. [Crossref]
24. Majeed F, Shafiq M, Ali A, et al. Self-Citation Analysis on Google Scholar Dataset for H-Index Corrections. IEEE Access 2019;7:126025-36.
25. Harzing AW, van der Wal R. A Google Scholar h-index for journals: An alternative metric to measure journal impact in economics and business. J Am Soc Inf Sci 2009;60:41-6. [Crossref]
26. Teixeira da Silva JA. The Google Scholar h-index: useful but burdensome metric. Scientometrics 2018;117:631-5. [Crossref]
27. Egghe L. An improvement of the h-index: The g-index. ISSI Newsl 2006;2:8-9.
28. Aleixandre-Benavent R, De Dios JG, Castelló Cogollos L, et al. Bibliometrics and indicators of scientific activity (V). Collaboration indicators (1). Acta Pediatr Esp 2017;63:228-35.
29. van Eck NJ, Waltman L. Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics 2010;84:523-38. [Crossref] [PubMed]
30. Motulsky HJ. GraphPad Prism5.0 Statistics Guide. San Diego, CA, USA: GraphPad Software Inc., 2007. Available online: https://cdn.graphpad.com/faq/2/file/Prism_v5_Statistics_Guide.pdf
31. Ramos MB, Teixeira MJ, Preul MC, et al. A Bibliometric Study of the Most Cited Reports in Central Nervous System Arteriovenous Malformations. World Neurosurg 2019;129:261-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
32. Horton R. Maternal and child undernutrition: an urgent opportunity. Lancet 2008;371:179. [Crossref] [PubMed]
33. World Health Rankings. Malnutrition Death Rate by Country. Available online: https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/malnutrition/by-country/
34. Puuska HM, Muhonen R, Leino Y. International and domestic co-publishing and their citation impact in different disciplines. Scientometrics 2014;98:823-39. [Crossref]
35. Biscaro C, Giupponi C. Co-authorship and bibliographic coupling network effects on citations. PLoS One 2014;9:e99502 [Crossref] [PubMed]
36. Annalingam A, Damayanthi H, Jayawardena R, et al. Determinants of the citation rate of medical research publications from a developing country. SpringerPlus 2014;3:140. [Crossref] [PubMed]
37. Kotepui M, Wannaiampikul S, Chupeerach C, et al. A bibliometric analysis of diets and breast cancer research. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15:7625-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
38. Yao H, Wan JY, Wang CZ, et al. Bibliometric analysis of research on the role of intestinal microbiota in obesity. PeerJ 2018;6:e5091 [Crossref] [PubMed]
39. Our World in Data. Death rate from malnutrition, 2017. Available online: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/malnutrition-death-rates
40. McKee M, Stuckler D, Basu S. Where there is no health research: what can be done to fill the global gaps in health research? PLoS Med 2012;9:e1001209 [Crossref] [PubMed]
41. Akintunde TY, Chen S, Ibrahim E, et al. Maternal Self-rated Capability Status and Its Association with Under-Five Children Morbidity. J Prim Care Community Health 2021;12:21501327211002102 [Crossref] [PubMed]
42. Tekile AK, Woya AA, Basha GW. Prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among under-five children in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. BMC Res Notes 2019;12:391. [Crossref] [PubMed]
43. Kocyigit SE, Soysal P, Ates Bulut E, et al. Malnutrition and Malnutrition Risk Can Be Associated with Systolic Orthostatic Hypotension in Older Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2018;22:928-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
44. Awe OO, Dogbey DM, Sewpaul R, et al. Anaemia in Children and Adolescents: A Bibliometric Analysis of BRICS Countries (1990-2020). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:5756. [Crossref] [PubMed]
45. Khachfe HH, Refaat M. Bibliometric analysis of Cardiovascular Disease Research Activity in the Arab World. Int Cardiovasc Res J 2019;15:25-8.
46. Suzan V, Unal D. Comparison of attention for malnutrition research on social media versus academia: Altmetric score analysis. Nutrition 2021;82:111060 [Crossref] [PubMed]